Objective: Pesticides are used worldwide. They are applied during the growing season and part of the amount may remain in or on treated crop. Pesticides can drift to nearby areas and contaminate crops that were not treated. The MRLs are the maximum amount of a pesticide permitted in or on food (& feed), expressed in mg/kg or ppm and always defined for the active substance – crop combination. MRL should be set according to residue trials under Good Agricultural Practice (GAP) and under the condition that: Daily Consumer Intake < Acceptable Daily Intake. The residue definition of active substance is derived from plant and animal metabolism. Supervised trials are the primary source of information for estimating maximum residue levels and calculating International Estimated Daily Intake. The agricultural practice the worst-case situation should be used to generate data from supervised trials to define the MRL. As the number of controlled field tests, and hence the data for MRL proposal is not large, the usual statistical models are inappropriate. Methods: Two methods for calculating proposed pre-harvest intervals (PHI) and maximum residue levels are used. The first one (Rmax) has proved its worth in many cases since 1981, and the second (Rber) has been developed by the Federal Biological Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry in Braunschweig/Germany. Both methods are described briefly. The first one is suitable for a larger number of data. It assumes a normal distribution of random variables, which are not always assumed with sufficient certainty. The second one uses a non-parametric distribution- and it is appropriate for more limited number of trials. Several case studies are discussed. The MRL Regulation on pesticide residues in food is a great progress towards better protection of children and consumer in general. Conclusions: Uniform criteria have to be used for evaluation of residue trials and MRLs setting process. Knowledge of the European approach in establishing the pesticide residue levels is useful for all countries in the world that have a policy of restriction of persistent organic pollutants in the environment aiming towards food safety for people of all ages.

Objective: The aim of this study is to examine the total antioxidant activity and Genetic relationships between six different medicinal plants were analysed. Method: The total antioxidant were analysed by using DPPH Photometric assay. The genomic DNA and RAPD Work were analyzed in selected medicinal plan using standard method. Mathwork software was used to draw the dendogram. Result: The results observed in the present study are Out of the 5 selected plants showed high antioxidant activity followed by Clitoria ternatea blue leaves, Solanum nigrum blue Berries, Syzygium cumini, Clitoria ternatea white leaves, Solanum nigrum Red berries, Phyllanthus emblica. The Syzygium cumini has the maximum antioxidant property this was confirmed by using DPPH photometric assay Figue 1. Isolation of genomic DNA from six different selected medicinal plants by using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers and analyse its genetic diversity. A dendrogram was constructed using Euclidean distance methods. Based on the number of bands the medicinal plants were grouped to form1-4 clusters. Conclusion: To analyse it evolutionary process.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate awareness regarding blastocystosis, its cause, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. Blastocystis hominis is a microscopic parasite found in the stools of healthy people as well as in the stools of those who have diarrhea, abdominal pain or other GI gastrointestinal problems. Infection which is caused by blastocystosis is called blastocystosis. Method: The survey is conducted which is based on questionnaire, in which students of pharm D and microbiologist were questioned regarding blastocystosis disease. Results: At t-test reveal a statistically reliable difference between the mean number of awareness percentage that the microbiologist has (M=4.12, s=1.995) and that the pharmacist has (M=2.76,s=2.42),t(94)=3.084 ,p=1.66, ,∞=0.05. Conclusions: From this survey we found that awareness regarding blastocystosis disease microbiologist have more awareness than pharmacist about blastocystosis.

Nanobiotechnology is an emerging field in biotechnology and it has vast applications in all fields. In this study silver nanoparticles has been synthesized by using Cassia fistula leaf extracts which was confirmed by using UV and FT-IR.The structure and size of synthesized nano materials was confirmed by using SEM and EDAX.The synthesized nanoparticles has effective results for antioxidant and antimicrobial studies. The anticancer effects of synthesized nanoparticles were analysed by using MCF-7 cell line and this paws a way to use silver nanoparticles as anticancer drug in future.

Objective: Present study aims to evaluate antifungal efficacy of Bakuchi (Psoralea corylifolia) seed extracts prepared in methanol solvents and the bakuchi oil. Bakuchi seed used in the formulations against skin related diseases and disorders in Ayurvedic system of medicine. Method: Antifungal assay was performed by agar well diffusion method against common fungal skin pathogens Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger and Malassezia furfur. Results: Bakuchi seeds extract in methanol was observed the most promising antifungal activity against the selected skin pathogens. The phytochemical and GC MS analysis confirmed the presence of several bioactive components including phenol derivatives as coumarin – psoralen, isopsoralen which might be accountable for its antifungal activity. Conclusion: The study has unveiled the antifungal potential of P. corylifolia seed extract.

To know the antibacterial activity of a compound (AV-2) isolated from the leaves of Titeypati (Artemisia vulgaris Linn.), a medicinal plants of North Eastern Himalaya, against four Gram- negative bacteria like Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhi. as well as four Gram - positive bacteria viz. Bacillius subtilis, Bacilus megaterium, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes. Method: Disc diffusion technique was used for in vitro antibacterial screening. Results: Result showed that AV-2 had large zone of inhibition in disc diffusion against the said bacteria. Antibacterial activity was more in Gram - positive bacteria than Gram - negative bacteria. Highest activity was noted against Bacillus subtilis and lowest was found for Salmonella typhi. The MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) values of AV-2 against the bacteria ranged from 4 – 32 microgram/mL. Conclusion: AV-2, thus, had well anti bacterial activity against the tested bacteria.

Atenolol is used in blood pressure therapy and available as different brands in the market which makes it difficult to select the brand. The aim of this study is to establish pharmaceutical equivalence among the different brands of atenolol tablets available in Karachi, Pakistan. Four different brands of atenolol tablets (100 mg) were included in the study. Quality control analysis using parameters: weight variation test, thickness, hardness test, friability and disintegration test were carried out specified USP and BP (United state and British Pharmacopoeia). Hardness value requirement was complied by all brands .Disintegration time for all brands was within 15 minutes complying the USP/BP recommendation. All brands showed more than 90 % drug release within 45 minutes. The present analysis suggest that all the brands of atenolol that are available meet the BP/USP specification for quality control analysis.